Tsarin “tace abin mu’amala”
Wannan shi ne shahararren nau’in kariya ko kaidi da kasashe ke amfani da shi a yau. Kamar yadda mai karatu ya gani, nau’i ne da ya shafi haramta wa mai mu’amala da Intanet wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa ko shafukan yanar sadarwa. Wannan tsarin mu’amala ya shafi shiga gidan yanar sadarwan, ko debo abin da ke ciki, ko kuma zuba bayanai a gidan yanar. A wannan nau’i na takunkumi, ana iya toshe duk wani tsarin mu’amala da kake yi da Intanet. Tsarin takunkumin ya shafi “tace” gidajen yanar sadarwa ne, ta hanyar toshe wadanda aka haramta, ko kuma toshe bayanan da kake mu’amala da su a gidan yanar, bayan ka shiga. Kawai sai ka ga an ce maka: “Connection Time Out.” Ko kuma ka ga an rubuta maka: “Error 505 – Gateway Time Out.” Sakonni makamantan wadannan na ishara ne ga wani nau’i na toshe abin mu’amala a gidan yanar sadarwar da ka shiga, a kasar da kake, ko kuma a ofishi ko ma’aikatar da kake. A wannan tsari, ana amfani ne da masarrafar tacewa, wato Filtering Software, irin na kamfanin Secure Computing, wato SmartFilter, ko kuma Green Dam Youth Escort da kasar Sin ke amfani da ita yanzu.
Aikin wadannan manhajoji ya danganci abin da kake so. Kana iya amfani da su wajen toshe lambar kwamfutar dake dauke da wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, wato IP Address, ta yadda duk wanda ya shigar adireshin don nemo gidan yanar sadarwar, ba zai samu ba, balle har ya iya shiga. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “IP Blocking”. Sannan ana iya amfani da wadannan masarrafai wajen tace dukkan iyayen garken (serbers) da ke dauke da wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “DNS Filtering”. Wannan tsari yana toshe hatta manhajar Imel da za ka shiga don aikawa da sakonni, ko kuma ka’idar da ke sadar da kai da Intanet ko kuma na Imel, (wato HTTP, da POP, da kuma FTP).
Bayan haka, da wadannan manhajoji ana iya tace wasu shafuka na musamman da ke wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, ta hanyar ayyana wasu kalmomi ko jumloli na musamman. Wannan tsari shi ake kira URL Filtering, kuma da shi ne kasashe ke amfani wajen toshe gidaje da shafukan yanar sadarwar batsa da na caca da wasu kalmomi da suka shafi siyasar kasar, irin su kalmar “Tibet”, da “Dale Lama” a kasar Sin. Idan ka nemi bayanai masu dauke da wadannan kalmomi, kuma a kasar Sin kake a lokacin, ba za ka samu ba ko aranyo! Wadannan kalmomi akan shigar da su ne cikin masarrafar, a kuma nuna mata cewa duk sadda wani ya nemi bayanai ta masarrafar lilonsa, wato Browser, to ki toshe duk bayanan da ke dauke da su. Bayan wannan, hukumomin kasar kan hada baki da kamfanoni irin su Google da Yahoo, wajen wannan aiki.
Wasu kasashen kuma kan ajiye wasu gingimarayen kwamfutoci ne da ake kira: “Massibe Gigabyte-Serbers,” masu tafkeken mizani, wajen shigar da shafukan yanar sadarwar da take ganin haramun ne mutanenta su shiga. Da zarar ta shigar da wadannan adireshi, sai ta sanya wa wadannan kwamfutoci masarrafar tacewa, ta kuma jona su da babban layin Intanet da ya shigo kasar daga sauran kasashen duniya, wato “Internet Backbone.” Muddin a kasar kake, da zarar ka nemo wani shafi ko gidan yanar sadarwa, wadancan kwamfutocin ne za su cafke adireshin, sai sun duba, idan bai dace da wanda ke cikinsu ba, sannan su sake shi, har ya isar da kai gidan yanar sadarwar. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “Prody Farm”. Kuma da shi ne Hukumar kasar Saudiyya ke amfani a halin yanzu.
A kasashe irin su Masar da Koriya ta Kudu da Singafo kuma, gwamnati na amfani ne da Mashakatar Lilo, wato Internet Cafes, wajen tace ire-iren gidajen yanar sadarwar da masu ziyara ke ziyara. Idan ka je mashakatar lilo, da zarar ka nufi gidan yanar sadarwar da gwamnati ta hana mu’amala da shi, shafi zai budo inda ake bukatar ka shigar da lambarka ta kasa, wato Identity Number (mai dauke da dukkan bayanan da suka shafeka a matsayinka na dan kasar), ko kuma kwafi din fasfo dinka, idan bako ne kai matafiyi, sannan a bude maka hanya ka shiga. Suna haka ne don sanin su wane ne suka shiga shafi kaza, kuma me aka yi a shafin? Idan bayan wasu lokuta aka samu matsala tsakanin gwmanati da masu gidan yanar, za a iya komawa baya, a duba tarihin wadanda suka shiga shafin. Duk wanda sunansa ke ciki ana iya tuhumarsa kai tsaye. Dankari!
Amfani da Dokar Kasa
Wannan shi ne irin tsarin da ake kokarin samarwa a Najeriya, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a farkon wannan kasida. Wannan tsari dai ya kunshi samar da doka ne ko dokoki na musamman, wadanda za a yi amfani da su wajen kayyade wa jama’a tsarin mu’amala da suke yi a wannan mahalli mai wuyan sha’ani. A wasu kasashe suna amfani da dokar kasa ne tare da tsarin kayyade mu’amalar mutane a aikace, ta hanyar manhajojin kwamfuta. kasar Saudiyya tana amfani da wannan tsari ne na gamayya. Idan ka ketare tsarin hukuma daga kwamfutarka, kuma aka kama ka, sai dokar kasa ta yi aiki a kanka.
Wasu Hanyoyin
Bayan nau’ukan takunkumi da bayaninsu ya gabata, akwai wasu nau’ukan da ba kowa ya sansu ba, saboda ba a fili ake aiwatar da su ba; don galibi da wata manufa daban ake aiwatar da su. Ire-iren wadannan nau’ukan takunkumi na wucin-gadi ne; ma’ana lokaci-lokaci ake amfani dasu don cinma wata manufa. Galibin masu leken asiri a Intanet na kasashen Jamus da Rasha da Sin da Amurka da Birtaniya da Andalus, da Koriya ta Arewa duk suna amfani da wannan tsari a boye. Wannan tsari kuwa, shi ne, yin amfani da kwararru kan fasahar Intanet wadanda galibi ‘yan Dandatsa ne, don darkake wasu gidajen yanar sadarwa, da hana shigarsu gaba daya.
Ire-iren wadannan gidajen yanar sadarwa dai sun shafi wasu kamfanoni ne ko kungiyoyin addini, ko kuma wasu kasashe masu amfani da tsarin siyasa da ta sha bamban da nasu. Misali, an sha tuhumar kasar Sin da yin amfani da ‘yan Dandatsa wajen toshewa ko kuma darkake gidajen yanar sadarwar ‘Yan Awaren lardin Tibet masu neman ‘yan cin kai. Har wa yau, kasar Masar ta yi amfani da su wajen toshewa da kuma darkake gidan yanar sadarwa ta kungiyar Ikhwaanul Muslimoon (Muslim Brotherhood), wato kungiyar su Marigayi Hasan Al-Banna. Haka kasar Amurka da sauran kasashen Turai, duk suna amfani da ‘yan Dandatsa wajen aiwatar da wani abin da a zahiri sanya wa wannan fasaha takunkumi ne. Wannan tsari shi ake kira “Cyber Espionage” a Turancin kwamfuta.
