Da Me Aka Gina Shafukan Facebook?
Dandalin facebook na dauke ne da wani tsari mai ban mamaki, mai ban al’ajabi, mai kayatarwa, amma ga wanda ya san tsarin sadarwar zamani da yadda yake aiki a yau. Amma ga wanda bai sani ba, sai an yi masa kwatance mai saukin fahimta. Muna iya fahimtar wannan sarkakkiya ne daga irin alkaluman bayanai da ke fitowa daga masana kan yadda wannan dandali ke aiki, kamar yadda muka karanta a makonnin baya. Uku daga cikin manyan kalubale da ke fuskantar hukumar gudanarwar dandalin facebook dai su ne: dandazon sarkakkiyar da ke cikin bukatar bayanai daga masu mu’amala a shafin a kowace dakika guda; da tarin yawan bayanai tuli-tuli, a duk dakika guda; da kuma sarkakkiyar da suke fuskanta wajen jera bayanai ta la’akari da mahimmancinsu wajen masu bukata a kowane lokaci.
Kada mai karatu ya rikice. Duk da wannan sarkakkiya da yake jin ina ambato, abin mai sauki ne a misalin yau da kullum. Na yi bayani a baya cewa dandalin facebook na dauke da manyan bangarori uku ne. Akwai bangaren farko, wanda shi ne kamar idon-gari; in da duk masu mu’amala da shafin ke mu’amala da shi. Wannan bangare ne ke karbar sakonka – na bukatar neman aboki, ko neman wani shafi, ko tura sakon ta’aliki, ko wata bukata dai a takaice – kuma shi ne mai maido maka da jawabi – kan abin da ka bukata! Wannan a fili ke nan; abin da kuma kake gani ke nan. Amma ba shi ne mai hakikanin aikin ba. Shi dan sako ne. Wannan bangare shi suke kira “Front-End” a Turancin kimiyyar sadarwa na zamani.
Sai bangare na uku, wanda ke dauke da dukkan bayanan da muke mu’amala da su a makare. Wannan bangare shi ne bangaren ma’adanar kwamfuta mai dauke da babbar manhajar taskance bayanai da aka fi sani da “Database Serbers” a Turance. Wannan bangare ne ke rike da dukkan bayanan da suka shafi dukkan masu shafi a dandalin facebook, a ajiye. A Turancin kimiyyar sadarwar zamani ana kiran wannan bangare da suna: “Back-End,” ko bayan gida.
Sai bangare na biyu wanda ke tsakanin bangaren farko da bangare na uku. Aikin wannan bangare shi ne kwafo shafukan da masu mu’amala da dandalin facebook suka fi bukata a dukkan lokuta. Idan ka shiga shafinka a karon farko, wannan bangare zai taskance shafin a ma’adanarsa. Da zarar ka sake shiga shafinka, sai wannan bangare ya gano cewa ai ka shigo dazu, kuma akwai makwafin shafin da ka bukata a baya, sai kawai ya ba ka shafin nan take, ba sai ya koma asalin ma’adanar da ke bangare na biyu da bayaninsa ya gabata ba. Wannan bangare shi ake kira “Caching System.” Amfanin samar da wannan bangare shi ne don rage saibi ko nawa wajen dauko bayanan da ka bukata da ke makare a waccan ma’adana da ke bayan fage, ko “Back-End.” Watakila sai na kawo misali da tsarin banki sannan mai karatu zai fahimta.
A tsarin banki, idan ka kawo musu kudi ajiya, za a karba a jiye a taskar bankin, wanda ke babban bankin Najeriya. Idan ka bukata ma za a je babban banki ne a dauko kudin, sai a biya ka. To amma ganin cewa kafin a je a dauko maka, wani ma ya zo bukata, wanda hakan zai kawo tsaiko wajen kai-komo tsakanin bankinka da babban bankin Najeriya, sai kawai aka samar da wata karamar ma’adana ta wucin-gadi a cikin bankin. Wannan ma’adana ita ake kira “Strong Room.” Maimakon a ce duk sadda ka bukaci kudinka a je babban bankin Najeriya a dauko a biya ka, sai a je cikin wannan ma’adana ta “Strong Room” a dauko wadanda aka karba na wasu, a ba ka. Idan kuma har lokacin tashi ya yi ba a samu masu bukatar karba ba, sai a koma da su taskar bankin da ke babban bankin Najeriya. To haka tsarin karba da mika bayanai yake a dandalin facebook.
Kada mai karatu dai ya mance cewa muna kan bayani ne kan: “Da wane irin kayan aiki aka gina shafukan dandalin facebook?” To ga bayani nan dalla-dalla, filla-filla, sanka-sanka!
bangaren “Idon-gari”
Bayan dukkan tanade-tanaden da hukumar Facebook suka yi wajen inganta ma’adanarsu da shafukan da masu mu’amala ke mu’amala da su a dukkan lokuta ta bangaren kwamfutoci masu babban mizani da kuma karfin masarrafar sarrafa bayanai, har wa yau akwai wasu tanade-tanade da suka yi wajen inganta shafukan ta bangaren masarrafa ko manhajar da ke agaza wa masu shiga wannan dandali a kullum.
Shafukan facebook dai an gina su ne ta amfani da wasu dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta na zamani, kuma masu kayatarwa. Wadannan dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta dai suna taimakawa ne wajen gina shafuka masu kayatarwa, masu iya mu’amala da mai ziyara, masu iya “fahimtar” jujjuyawar mai ziyara daga shafi zuwa shafi, masu kuma taskance dukkan bayanan da mai ziyara ke zubawa a shafinsa, da wadanda yake nema daga wasu shafuka, da kuma wadanda yake aikawa zuwa wasu shafukan da ba nasa ba. Akwai jerin dabarun alkinta bayanai da gina shafukan intanet da ake wa lakabi da LAMP, wato: LINUd, da APACHE, da MYSkL, da kuma PHP. Ga takaitattun bayanai nan kan kowanne:
LINUd
Wannan ita ce babbar manhajar da kwamfutocin hukumar Facebook ke dauke da su. Kwamfutocinsu ba sa amfani da babbar manhajar Windows, saboda dalilai na tsaro da kariyar bayanan mutane. Babbar manhajar LINUd manhaja ce ta kwamfuta, wato Operating System da wani bawan Allah dan kasar Finland mai suna Linus Torbals ya gina shekaru sama da 20 da suka gabata. A halin yanzu an inganta wannan babbar manhaja, kuma galibin manyan kamfanonin duniya – tsakanin na kwamfuta da kamfanonin kasuwanci da hukumomin manyan kasashen duniya – na amfani da wannan babbar manhaja ne. Tana da inganci wajen kariya, da inganci wajen tsaro, da inganci wajen sarrafa bayanai (Data Processing) cikin sauki. Akwai kamfanonin da suka gina kwamfuta ta musamman mai dauke da wannan babbar manhaja, sannan akwai inda ake bayar da wannan babbar manhaja tsurarta, kyauta. Akwai nau’ukan babbar manhajar LINUd da yawa da aka samar, galibinsu kyauta ne. Daga cikinsu akwai babbar manhajar Ubuntu, da Kubuntu, da kuma Lubuntu. Dukkansu kyauta ne. A baya, ba kowa ke iya mu’amala da wannan babbar manhaja ba, saboda wahala da rashin hanyoyin mu’amala da mai mu’amala cikin sauki, wato Graphical User Interface (GUI). Wannan ya sa sai wane da wane daga cikin kwararru a fannin ilmin kwamfuta ke iya sarrafa ta. Amma daga baya, an samar da wadannan hanyoyi masu sauki irin wadanda ke dauke cikin babbar manhajar Windows na kamfanin Microsoft.
Daga nan za mu fahimci dalilan da suka sa hukumar facebook amfani da wannan babbar manhaja ta LINUd. Domin suna mu’amala ne da bayanai masu dimbin yawa, masu samuwa a lokaci guda, kuma nau’uka daban-daban, a yanayi daban-daban. Sannan a kowane lokaci akwai masu bukatar wadannan bayanai.
APACHE
Manhajar APACHE kuma ana amfani ne da ita wajen aiwatar da sadarwa a ka’idar mu’amala da fasahar Intanet. Manhaja ce mai dauke da titi, ko hanya, da kuma ka’idar da ke sawwake wa titin isar da sako daga kwamfuta zuwa kwamfuta. A takaice dai, masarrafar ka’idar sadarwar Intanet ce (Web Serber), kuma kyauta ake samunta, kamar yadda ake samun wasu daga cikin nau’ukan babbar manhajar LINUd kyauta. Kamfani ko hukumar Facebook sun zabi yin amfani da manhajar APACHE ne don ita ce ta fi dacewa da babbar manhajar LINUd wajen adanawa da kuma sarrafa bayanai. A takaice dai, ita ce manhajar da ta fi alakantuwa da babbar manhajar LINUd wajen samun ka’idar sadarwa ta Intanet, kamar yadda babbar manhajar Windows ta fi dangantuwa ga ka’idar sadarwar Intanet mai suna Internet Information System, wato: IIS na kamfanin Microsoft kuma wanda ke dauke da’iman cikin babbar manhajar Windows.
MYSkL
Manhajar MYSkL kuma shahararriyar manhajar rumbun adana bayanai ce ta Intanet. Babban aikinta shi ne adana bayanai da ake shigarwa cikinta, ta hanyar jera su dabaka-dabaka, cikin tsari, da kuma sawwake hanyoyin nemansu ko samunsu a duk sadda ake bukata, cikin sauki. Cikakken lafazin SkL shi ne: Structured kuery Language, kuma daga cikin suka suka inganta tare da samar da wannan tsari na neman bayanai a rumbun adana bayanai cikin sauki akwai kamfanin Microsoft. Asalinta dai dabaru ne na sarrafa bayanai, wato Script. Wannan manhaja ta MYSkL tana dauke ne da wannan ginannen tsarin nemo bayanai mai suna SkL, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata a baya. Ta amfani da wannan manhaja ne hukumar Facebook ke taskance bayanan masu shafuka, da kuma taimaka musu nemo bayanai cikin sauki da tsari ba tare da wahala ba; a waya ne, ko a kwamfuta.
