Nau’ukan Android a Wayoyin Salula
Bayan bayanai da suka gabata kan nau’ukan manhajar Android da ke na’urorin sadarwa mabanbanta, wannan sashe zai dubi nau’ukan manhajar ne dake kan wayoyin salula. Shin, manhajar Android iri daya ce a dukkan wayoyin salula da ake sayarwa yanzu? Nau’in manhajar Android da ke wayoyin Tecno (ba zubin manhajar nake nufi ba, wanda bayaninsa ya gabata a baya), iri daya ce da wadda ke kan wayoyin kamfanin Samsung? Wadda ke kan wayoyin LG, iri daya ce da wadda ke kan wayoyin Sony, misali? Amsar ita ce: a a; nau’uka ne daban-daban. Sai dai akwai abin da ya hada tsakaninsu, duk da cewa sun sha bamban ta bangarori da dama. Domin idan ka0020 dauki wayar Tecno mai dauke da Android, ka gwama abin da ke bangaren Menu dinta da ta kamfanin Samsung mai dauke da Android, za ka ga akwai bambanci.
Akwai nau’ukan manhajar Android guda biyu dake kan wayoyin salula dai a halin yanzu. Nau’i na farko shi ne hakikanin babbar manhajar, kamar yadda aka gina ta ko ake kayatar da ita daga kamfanin Google ko Kungiyar Open Handset Alliance (OHA). Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Android Open Source Project (AOSP). Kuma shi ne nau’in da kamfanin Google ke fitarwa a dukkan wayoyinsa. Idan kana son ganin nau’in manhajar Android ta asali, wacce babu gauraye a cikinta, to, ka samu wayoyin kamfanin Google masu suna Google Nedus; kowane irin nau’i ne kuwa. Bayani kan yadda asalin manhajar yake kuwa yana tafe a sashen da ke gaba.
Nau’in manhajar Android na biyu kuma shi ne wanda sauran wayoyin salula ke amfani da shi a kan wayoyinsu. Shi ma ba wani abu ba ne daban, asalin wancan nau’in ne da bayaninsa ya gabata, sai kuma kare-kare da kamfanonin waya suke yi a kansa, don manufofinsu na kasuwanci. Wannan nau’i shi kuma ya karkasu ne iya yawan kamfanonin dake dora Android a kan wayoyinsu. Ma’ana, ba za ka taba samun wayoyin salula guda biyu masu dauke da manhajar Android masu siffofi iri daya ba, ta kowane bangare. To meye abin da ya hada tsakaninsu, sannan me ya raba tsakaninsu?
Abin da ke hada tsakanin dukkan manhajojin Android dake wayoyin salula na duniya kuwa shi ne, asalin babbar manhajar daya ce. Idan kamfanin Google ya kintsa manhajar ya fitar a wayoyinsa, sai sauran kamfanoni su karbi madarar babbar manhajar (Operating System Source Code) su ma su dora a kan wayoyinsu. Idan ka shiga bangaren Settings dake kowanne za ka ga kusan daya ne. Haka ma dabi’unsu wajen kunnawa da kashewa da mu’amala da fuskar wayar (User Interface), a wasu lokuta. Wannan abin da ke hada tsakaninsu kenan.
A daya bangaren kuma, sauran kamfanonin waya idan suka karbi madarar babbar manhajar (Operating System Source Code), suna caccanza abubuwan da ake iya canzawa ne daga asali, zuwa abin da ya dace da manufofinsu na kasuwanci. Shi ya sa idan ka shiga bangaren Menu, za ka samu masarrafai (Apps) mabambanta. Na kamfanin Samsung sun sha bamban da na kamfanin Sony. Na kamfanin HTC sun sha bamban da na kamfanin Tecno, da dai sauransu. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni idan ka kunna wayarsa mai dauke da manhajar Android, rubutun da za ka fara cin karo da shi kafin wayar ta gama kunnuwa, sun sha bamban nesa ba kusa ba. Wannan shi ne abin da ya raba tsakaninsu.
Sauran kamfanonin waya suna gina wasu bangarori ne na musamman don kayatar da mai amfani da wayar. Wadannan bangarori su ake kira Components a gamammen harshen fannin kimiyyar sadarwa na zamani. Amma su kamfanonin waya suna da sunayen da suke ambaton wadannan kare-kare da suke wa asalin babbar manhajar. Wasu kan kira su Oberlays. Wasu su kira su Skins. Wasu su kira su Add-ons. Wasu kamfanonin kuma suna kiransu Mods. Duk kalmomi ne dake ishara ga abu daya.
Kare-karen da kamfanonin waya ke yi ga asalin manhajar Android shi ne abin da ke bambanta nau’in Android da ke wayoyin kamfanin Google, a karon farko, sannan ya bambanta nau’in Android da wadannan kamfanoni suka cakuda, a tsakaninsu. Wasu kare-karen da kamfanonin ke yi kadan ne. Ba ya wuce su kara kananan masarrafai da mai mu’amala zai yi amfani dasu wajen sauraren sauti ko bidiyo ko taskance hotuna ko kayatar da na’urar daukan hoto da gina mata hanyoyin daukan hoto daban-daban da dai sauransu. Wasu kamfanonin kuma sukan jirkita manhajar ne gaba daya su mayar da ita wani abu daban, a ganin ido. Idan ba kwararre bane kai a fannin sadarwa, zai yi wahala ka iya gane cewa manhajar Android ce. Kamfanin da yayi fice a irin wannan aiki kuwa shi ne kamfanin HTC, musamman a wayarsa nau’in HTC One. Ya jirkita babbar manhajar ne gaba daya, zuwa wani abu; saboda tsabar kyale-kyale, da kare-kare, da canje-canje, da shafe-shafe.
Sai dai kuma, duk wasu kare-karen da kamfanonin waya ke yi wa babbar manhajar Android, suna yin hakan ne tare da kiyaye ka’idar kungiyar Open Handset Alliance (OHA), wanda ke dauke cikin kundinta mai suna: Google Compatibility Test Suite (CTS). Shi ya ssa, duk da canje-canjen da suke yi, za ka samu akwai masarrafan kamfanin Google idan ka shiga bangaren Menu. Domin kamfanin Google ya haramta wa kamfanonin waya dora masarrafansa a kan wayoyinsu masu dauke da manhajar Android, muddin ba su bi ka’idar dake cikin wannan kundi nasa ba. Shi yasa idan ka samu na’urar sarrafa bayanai na kamfanin Amazon mai suna Amazon Kindle, ba za ka samu manhajar Google ko daya a kai ba – duk da cewa babbar manhajar Android ce a kanta – saboda kamfanin Amazon bai bi ka’idar CTS ba wajen canje-canjen da ya yi. To amma tunda an ce babbar manhajar Android “kyauta ce,” ba za a hana shi amfani da ita ba.
bangarorin Babbar Manhajar Android
Kowace babbar manhajar na’urar sadarwa tana da bangarori ne daban-daban. Idan masu karatu ba su mance ba, a kasidarmu mai take: “Tsarin Babbar Manhajar Kwamfuta,” mun nuna cewa daga cikin bangarorin babbar manhajar kwamfuta, akwai bangaren dake lura da na’urar sarrafa bayanai dake cikin gangar-jikin kwamfutar, wato: “Processor,” sannan akwai bangaren dake karbar umarni kai tsaye daga mai mu’amala da kwamfutar, wato: “User Interface” kenan. Sai dai a bangaren babbar manhajar Android abin ya dan sha bamban, saboda sarkakiyar dake cikin tsarin, da kuma mahallin da ake tsammanin kasancewarta a ciki bayan gina ta, wato wayar salula kenan.
Babbar manhajar Android, ko Android Operating System, kamar yadda muke dauke da ita a kan wayoyinmu na salula, tana dauke ne da bangarori har guda hudu. Wadannan bangarori duk da cewa suna dogaro ne da juna, amma tsarinsu ya sha banban.
