Al’ummar Musulmi a sassan duniya sun wayin garin Asabar da azumin watan Ramadan na shekarar 1443 Hijiriyya, bayan ganin jinjirin wata a ranar Juma’a 1 ga watan Afrilu, 2022.
Najeriya da Saudiyya na daga cikin kasashen da aka fara ganin jinjirin watan, wanda kuma shi ne karo na 1,442 da al’ummar Manzon Allah (SAW) za su yi azumin.
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Daga cikin shika-shika Musulunci biyar, azumtar watan Ramadan daya ne daga cikin shika-shikai (Kalmar Shada da sallah da azumin watan Ramdan) da talakawa da mawadata suka yi tarayya a ciki; ragowar biyun kuma (zakka da Hajji) suka takaita ga mawadata.
Bisa koyarwar addinin Islama, a watan Ramadan, al’ummar Musulmi kan ninka yawan ayyukansu alheri da neman kusanci da Allah, babu dare, babu rana, saboda kwadayin samun dacewa da falalar watan.
Ibadar azumi
Azumi ibada ce ta da kunshi kamewa daga ci, sha, jima’i da sauran abubuwan da ke karya azumi tun daga fitowar alfijir zuwa fadiwar rana.
Yin azumin Ramadan farilla ne ga duk wani Musulmi, baligi, mai hankali, lafiyayye, mazaunin gida.
Musulmi kan shafe wata guda (kwana 29 zuwa 30) suna yin azumin Ramadan — ya danganci yadda aka ga jinjirin watan Shawwal.
Yin azumin Ramadan yana wajaba ne bayan an ga jinjiran wata a ranar 29 ga watan Sha’aban, ko kuma bayan cikar Sha’aban kwana 30.
Ana kammala shi ne bayan an ga jinjirin watan Shawwal a ranar 29 ga watan Ramadan, ko kuma bayan cikar watan Ramadan kwana 30.
Hadisan Manzon Allah (SAW) sun bayyana cewa kwanan watan Musulunci 29 ne, amma idan ba a ga jinjirin wata a ranar 29 ga wata ba, to sai a cike kwanan watan 30.
Tarihin azumin Ramadan
An fara azumin ne tun a zamanin al’ummomin Annabawan da suka gabaci Manzon Allah (SAW).
Allah Madaukakin Sarki Ya bayyana a cikin Al-kur’ani cewa, “Ya ku wadanda kuka yi imani, an farlanta muku yin azumi, kamar yadda aka farlanta shi ga al’ummomin da suka gabace ku, tsammanin za ku samu jin tsoron Allah.”
Malaman tarihin Musulunci sun bayyana cewa gabanin manzancin Annabi Muhammadu (SAW), al’ummomin baya kan yi azumi ne a lokuta daban-daban, sannan yawan kwanakin da suke yin azumin ya bambanta.
Alal misali, kafin aiki Manzon Allah (SAW) Yahudawa da Nasara har da Kuraishawa masu bautar gumaka a lokacin sun kasance suna azumtar ranar Ashura, 10 ga watan Muharram.
Yadda aka farlanta azumin Ramadan
Bayan aiko shi, an farlanta azumin Ramadan ne mataki-mataki, inda aka fara farlantawa a watan Sha’aban na shekara ta biyu bayan Hijira.
An fara farlanta wa al’ummar Annabi Muhammad (SAW) yin azumi ne tare da ba su zabi – wanda zai iya ya yi, wanda azumin zai wahalar da shi kuma ya ciyar da miskini daya a maimakon kowane azumi. Duk da haka an fi kwadaitarwa a kan yin azumi.
Daga baya aka farlanta azumin ga duk wanda ya halarci watan Ramadan.
Salamata bn Akwa’ da Imam Muslim sun ruwaito cewa Sahabban Manzon Allah (SAW) sun kasance idan mutum ya so sai ya yi azumin Ramadan, ko kuma ya ciyar (da miskini) a maimakon kowane azumi daya.
A wata ruwaya ta Imam Muslim, daga baya an soke hukuncin da ayar “Duk wanda ya halarci watan (Ramadan) to ya azumce shi’.”
A wannan mataki idan mai azumi ya yi barci bayan faduwar rana, ko da kuwa bai yi bude baki ba, to cin abinci ya haramta a gare shi har sai lokacin bude baki ya sake zuwa.
Daga baya aka saukar da ayar da ta mayar da tsawon lokacin azumin ya koma daga fitowa alfijir na biyu zuwa faduwar rana, kuma shi ne yadda ake yin azumin a yanzu, har zuwa karshen zamani.
Ladar azumi
Azumi aikin ibada ne mai dimbin lada da alheri:
- A Aljanna akwai wata kofa ta musamman (Alrayyan) wadda aka kebe wa masu azumi.
- Yin azumi na kara wa mutum takawa.
- Yin azumi shi ne mafi alheri. Allah (SWT) Ya ce, “Ku yi azumin shi ne mafi alheri a gare ku.
- Azumi katanga ce daga shiga wuta. Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce, “Azumi garkuwa ce da take kare baya daga wuta.” Hadisin Abu Umamatul Bahili ya ce, “Duk wanda ya yi azumin rana guda saboda Allah, to Allah zai sanya wani rami da girmansa ya kai tsakanin sama da kasa a tsakaninsa da wuta.”
- Nesanta bawa daga wuta. Abu Sa’idil Khudri ya ruwaito wani Hadisi cewa duk mutumin da ya yi azumin rana guda saboda Allah, to Allah zai nesanta fuskarsa daga wuta na tsawon shekara 70.
- Linzamin sha’awa. Manzon Allah (SAW) ya umarci matasan da ke bukatar aure amma ba su da hali da su rika yin “Azumi domin shi linzami ne.”
Falalar Ramadan
Ramadan wata ne mai cike da alherai kuma a cikinsa al’ummar Musulmi sukan zage damtse domin neman kusanci da Allah, samun yardarSa, da kuma dacewa da falalolin watan, da suka hada da:
1 – A ciki aka saukar da Al-kura’ni:
Allah Madaukakin Sarki Ya ce, “Watan Ramadan, wanda a cikinsa aka saukar da Al-Kur’ani.”
2 – Saukar litattafan annabawa:
Wasila bn Ashka’ ya ruwaito cewa lallai Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce: “A daren farko na watan Ramadan aka saukar da littafin Annabi Ibrahim (AS), Attaura kuma bayan kwana shida na watan, Injila kuma a ranar 13 ga watan, sannan Al-Kur’ani bayan kwana 24 a watan Ramadan.”
3 – Lailatun Kadari:
Allah Madaukacin Sarki Ya ce, daren “Lailatul Kadari ya fi wata 1,000 alheri”, kuma a cikin watan Ramadan wannan dare yake.
Annabi (SAW) ya ce, duk wanda aka haramta wa watan, bai dace da alheran da ke cikin dare ba, to ya yi babban asara.
4 – Amsa addu’a:
Abi Huraira ya ruwaito Hadisin Manzon Allah (SAW) cewa, “A kowane dare da yi akwai mutanen da Allah Yake ’yantawa daga wuta zuwa Aljanna, kuma a duk rana (a cikin watan Ramadan) kowane Musulmi yana da addu’ar da za a amsa.”
5- Samun gafara:
Abu Huraira ya ruwaito daga Manzon Allah (SAW) cewa, “Duk wanda ya azumci watan Ramadan tare da imani da neman lada, za a gafarta mishi zunubansa da suka gabata.”
6- ’Yantawa daga wuta:
A kowane dare a cikin watan Allah na ’yanta mutane daga wuta.
Abu Sa’id Al-Khudri ya ruwaito daga Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce, “A kowane dare da yini akwai mutanen da Allah Yake ’yantawa daga wuta zuwa Aljanna,” a cikin watan Ramadan.
7 – Manyan alherai:
A cikin watan Ramadan ana rufe kofofin wuta, a bude kofofin Aljanna, a daure kangararrun shaidanu, a bude kofofin rahama, kamar yadda Hadisin Abi Huraira ya ruwaito:
“Idan aka shiga watan Ramadan ana daure kangararrun shaidanu da aljanu, a rufe kofofin wuta gaba daya, a bude duk kofofin Aljanna, mai kira zai rika kira cewa, ya mai aikata alheri gabato, ya mai aikata sharri ka takaita. Sannan Allah na da mutanen da Yake ’yantawa daga wuta a kowane dare.”
8- Ladar aikin Hajji:
Annabi (SAW) ya ce ladan yin Umra a watan Ramadan daidai yake da ladan aikin Hajji.
Bukhari da Muslim sun ruwaito cewa Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce wa wata mata daga cikin mutanen Madina, “Idan watan Ramadan ya zo ki yi azumi a cikinsa, domin ladan azumin a cikin watan daidai yake da aikin Hajji.”
9- Rubanya ayyukan alheri:
Manzon Allah (SAW) ya kasance ya fi kowa yain kyauta a cikin mutane, kuma lokacin da ya fi yin kyauta shi ne a cikin watan Ramadan.
10 – Sallar dare:
Ana yin sallolin dare, kama daga Asham da sallar Tahajjud da sauransu a tsawon watan. Manzon Allah (SAW) ya ce, duk wanda ya yi tsayuwar dare a watan Ramadan yana mai imani da neman lada, za a gafarta mishi zunubansa.
